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Figure 1.  Photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) with/without TiO₂ catalysts under the full spectrum of xenon lamp. (a) Concentration ratio C/C₀ (C/C₀ is the ratio of the MB concentration at certain time to the MB concentration at 0 min), as a function of irradiation time. The data are fitted using a first-order exponential decay equation (lines). (b) The histogram of MB photodegradation rate constants (k) of different catalysts. (c) The effects of the h⁺ (EDTA) and e⁻ (KBrO₃) scavengers on the MB photodegradation rate constants (k) of different catalysts. (d) The effect of ·OH eliminator (IPA) on the MB photodegradation rate constants (k) of different catalysts.

Figure 2.  (a) TPAOH concentrations C of the five TiO₂ photocatalysts against the light illumination time. (b) The plots show the TPAOH concentrations of the TiO₂(A)-0 and TiO₂(A)-17 photocatalysts against the light illumination time are influenced by the addition of hole scavenger (EDTA) or ·OH eliminator (IPA).

Figure 3.  XPS spectra of (a) the Ti 2p region and (b) the O 1s region for 5 TiO₂ samples modified by DP method. (c) IR spectra of the 5 TiO₂ samples (background is initial commercial TiO₂).

Figure 4.  (a) The zeta potential of 5 TiO₂ powders modified by DP method. (b) PL spectra of TiO₂ samples modified by DP method (the excitation length is 280 nm).

Figure 5.  Schematic diagram of the photocatalytic degradation of MB by TiO₂ modified by DP method.